From VOA Learning English, I'm Katie Weaver.
Today, Steve Ember and Shirley Griffith present a special program on Christmas traditions
in the United States during the first half of the 19th century.
During this period, there was no set way of celebrating the day, which was not yet an official holiday.
Communities around the country honored the day in different ways.
Some observed Christmas as an important Christian religious day, honoring the birth of Jesus.
Others celebrated the day with parties, music, drinking, and eating.
And some communities did not celebrate the day at all.
But it was during this period that Americans began to reinvent the holiday.
They combined ancient Christmas traditions from different cultures with modern American influences.
Here are Steve Ember and Shirley Griffith.
In 1819, the popular American writer, Washington Irving, wrote a series of five essays published
in a book called The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Ghent.
The essays describe a wealthy British landowner who invites his farm workers into his home to celebrate Christmas.
The landowner recreates a traditional Christmas as it would have been celebrated in the distant past.
Irving praised this looking back to ancient traditions.
He liked the idea of different levels of society coming together to enjoy a festive and peaceful holiday.
Washington Irving seemed to express concern about the lack of such unifying Christmas traditions in modern America.
Penny Rastad wrote a book, Christmas in America, a History.
It shows how Americans began to slowly shape Christmas into a unifying national holiday
during the first half of the 19th century.
She describes how Christmas had different meanings for Americans who came from different cultural and religious backgrounds.
Many immigrants brought Christmas traditions from their own countries.
Religion played a big role in how an American might celebrate the holiday.
Calvinist Christians banned the celebration of Christmas.
But groups such as Episcopalians and Moravians honored the day with religious services and seasonal decorations.
By mid-century, Christian groups began to ignore their religious differences over the
meaning of Christmas and honored the day in special ways.
Christmas became an important time for families to celebrate at home.
More and more Christian Americans also began to follow the European traditions of Christmas trees and giving gifts.
Christians believed that the tree represented Jesus and was also a sign of new beginnings.
American immigrants brought their tradition of putting lights, sweets, and toys on the
branches of evergreen trees placed in their homes.
This tradition of setting up a Christmas tree soon spread to many American homes.
So did the practice of giving people presents.
As these traditions increased in popularity, the modern trade and business linked to Christmas also grew.
As Christmas became more popular, some states declared the day a state holiday.
Louisiana was the first state to make the move in 1837.
By 1860, 14 other states had followed.
It was not until 1870 that President Ulysses Grant made Christmas a federal holiday.
Americans already knew old Christmas songs that came from England and other areas of Europe.
But many new American Christmas songs started to become popular.
For example, in 1849, a religious leader from Massachusetts wrote the words to
It Came Upon a Midnight Clear.
The song Jingle Bells appeared seven years later.
And a year later, a religious leader in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, wrote the song
We Three Kings of Orient Are.
And of course, no discussion of Christmas would be complete without talking about one
of the holiday's most famous representations, Santa Claus.
His character is based on the story of Saint Nicholas, a Christian holy person believed
to have lived in the third century.
Saint Nicholas became known as a protector of children.
In his role as a Christmas hero, different cultures have given him different names.
These include Sinterklaas, Kris Kringle, and Father Christmas.
But for most Americans, his most popular name would become Santa Claus.
In the 19th century, many Dutch immigrants living in the United States celebrated the
Feast of Saint Nicholas on December 6.
Saint Nicholas was especially important to New Yorkers because of their history as a Dutch colony.
In 1809, Washington Irving published his History of New York.
It lists Saint Nicholas as the patron saint of New Yorkers.
He describes the saint wearing a low hat, large pants, and smoking a pipe.
Does this description sound familiar?